3 Ways To Sharpen Your Learning Skills -

The human body follows a similar pattern of functioning in different areas. Similar to the other muscles on the human body, a person’s intelligence also requires frequent exercise. One’s intelligence depends upon their ability to provoke their thinking and exercise the muscles of the mind. As a result, students are continuously challenged at the stage of higher degree education.   Educational institutions place excessive pressure on the students to train their minds into adapting to complex situations. Due to the individual differences in processing and handling of stress, some students thrive, while others crumble under pressure. Following from this, it is crucial for students to tackle academic burden in a manner, which is effective for them. The following guide can provide you with three ways to sharpen your learning skills and consequently, thrive at university: Push Yourself To Think Creatively: Pushing oneself is the greatest source of motivation for most stud ents. Students who thrive under pressure are more likely to benefit from this learning style. To push yourself, you are required to set up strict deadlines for yourself and lead a disciplined life. Therefore, do not turn in work, which fails to meet your set standard. Rather, ameliorate the paper until it reaches its utmost potential. This style of learning enhances intelligence, as individuals consistently engage in critical and creative thinking. This, in turn, exercises the mind’s ability to produce intelligent cognition. Engage In Self-Care And Self-Love: Contrary to the tip mentioned above, this learning style works best for students who fail to perform well under pressure. This style pushes you to take care of yourself and prioritise your mental well-being. This suggests that you must engage in learning behaviour when your motivation is at its peak. As a result, the learned material will be effectively stored in your memory, and retained when needed. To cater to this style of learning, planning is necessary. You are required to create a list of things that need to be accomplished and should start completing the task without allowing the fear of failure to overcome you. Essentially, to make time for active learning, you can hire a UK essay writing service for your academic projects. Communicate With Your Peers: This alternative style for augmenting your learning capabilities is to communicate the study material. As some students are auditory learners, they require third-party assistance to learn their material proficiently. Hence, you can learn the subject matter in advance or can call a friend or a parent. Moreover, by taking the role of a lecturer, you can explain each aspect meticulously to yourself. This will clear all your concepts and will further allow you to add the content to your episodic memory. As when two of the memory processes are at play, the likelihood of retention can become relatively high. Every individual handles the issue differently. Thus, it is essential for you to test the methods above and select a learning style, which offers you the most significant advantage. As a result, this routine can be implemented to deal with the hectic lifestyle of higher degree education.

Ship Masters Business The WritePass Journal

Ship Masters Business Ship Masters Business IntroductionBIBLIOGRAPHYREFERENCESRelated Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Introduction As per this scenario own vessel was on a voyage charter,if on a voyage charter the ship owner provides the charter party with details of ship particulars,capacity and Registry. The ship shall proceed with reasonable dispatch.Vessel shall proceed with Reasonable dispatch,after this the owner shall undertake to carry the cargo destination. A list of expected perils. The charter agrees to pay freight and provides full cargo,as per voyage charterer if the vessel does not arrives at a certain Port on a certain day ,the cancelling clause gives the charter the full right for cancelling the contract. Own vessel loaded a cargo of high grade steel pipes,On loading some steel appeared to be rusty.None of the concerned parties appointed a surveyor. Own vessel also accepted a letter of indemnity from the seller and signed a clean ‘Bill of Lading’(BOL).A clean BOL means that contains no positive defective condition ,The importance of BOL is it is an evidence of contract and it is a receipt of goods carried. It is the duty of master to check cargo practically as stated in the BOL and if it mets the criteria as stated then he should sign the BOL. By signing a bill of lading   without checking the cargo the Master has become to party of fraud,Due to this no claim will be covered by the PI,In this case Master should have signed a CLAUSED BOL.Its a BOL that contains a positive notation of a defective condition of the cargo covered,material ,of its packaging Own Vessel sailed out with faulty Navigational equipment(RADAR)and this fault was aware to the Master and also the company.this showed that the Master of own vessel did not exercise due-deligence to make the vessel sea worthy and sailed out for Sea with faulty navigational equipment,which   lead to a collision with the container vessel. Due-diligence means all efforts should be made ,So that the vessel meets all the requirements to make the vessel seaworthy. To meet these requirements the vessel shall be properly manned and should have qualified , competent and well trained staff on Board.Ensure that the vessel can proceed to sea without any harm or danger to the Personnel,Property or Marine environment. Ensure that the vessel carries all the necessary equipment as per SOLAS regulations. Also the Equipment, Cargo,Hatches   is well maintained and in good condition.Cargo shall be looked and maintained on board until it is finally discharged.This will ensure that the Master and the company has exercised Due-diligence. The container vessel which had sailed out in a seaworthy condition,this vessel was complying with SOLAS regulations and H-V rules when she sailed out for sea.But a day before the collision the vessel was short manned as 2nd officer was Medically evacuated due to serious injury and rest all officers were working short handed,This lead to short manning which eventually caused fatigue to its officers   and thereby breached SOLAS regulationsThis made the container vessel unseaworthy at the time of collision. But the MCA Guidelines (MSN 1778 (M)),allows a vessel to sail for shorter voyage ,if in incase of emergency ,in the case of short manning ,on a condition that the remaining officers on board are not undergoing through stress or fatigue,due to short manning   and also the ILO guidelines of work are observed(ILO guideline 174),in this   case the owner of the vessel could be had liable ,if apart from breaching SOLAS regulations,the guidelines from MCA has not been followed. Apart from these liabilities ,that has caused by the vessel’s owner due to the breach of statutory regulations and requirements,this incident of collision leads to further liabilities,Own vessel besides the liability incurred by the vessel’s owner due to violation   of article 3 of Hague rules to provide proper documentations and a seaworthy Vessel. Due to collision and the vessel being towed to port of refuge,Liability will also be incurred due to the delay caused in delivery of cargo on time.Also the vessel was loaded with high grade steel pipes,since the vessel collided and suffered collision damage on N0 1 Hold,due to water ingress might have also caused damage to the steel pipes.Expenses incurred due to damage to a ship and its cargo. Own vessel suffered damage at forward N o 1H-port side,which resulted in partial flooding.The container vessel suffered minor Hull damage forward and several containers were lost at sea and some were being jettisoned to help the vessel to prevent water ingress.Master’s duty is to do whatever,necessary or reasonable,so that he can save the ship and cargo from any loss or damage.This allows him   to Jettison the cargo,so that is prudent and safe continuation of the voyage. Both vessels were towed to port of refuge for emergency dry dock repairs. As per Hague Visby rules â€Å" the carrier is bound, before and at the beginning of the voyage, to exercise due diligence†. Make the ship seaworthy. Properly manned, equipped and supply the ship. After receiving the goods into his charge the master or carrier or agent,on demand of the shipper ,issue to the shipper a Bill of lading[1] CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS OF THE MASTER When there is a collision the MASTER shall follow the following steps:- Inform the company,owners,charterers,PI clubs and Port Authorities . EVIDENCE COLLECTION. Details of both the ships. Deck and Engine log books with entries. All the printouts and graphs from bridge equipments. All the navigational charts before and after collision. All navigational equipment in use at time of collision. Weather conditions at the time of incident. At the time of contact the vessels estimated courses and speed. Communications and signals made a the time of collision. Statements from witnesses after collision. Details of VTS or Port Control if any in operation at the time of incident. Mitigate losses to ship owner. â€Å" The owner should exercise burden of proof relating to the exercise of due diligence as the vsls navigational equipment was faulty which eventually led to a collision with the container vessel. Whenever loss or damage has been resulted on account of unseaworthiness the burden of proof of due diligence should be on the carrier or the other person claming exemption under this article. The onus is cast on the carrier in relation to proof of due diligence, until the other party has established that the vessel was unseaworthy and his loss was due to that fact, alternatively the burden of proof should rest with the carrier who is the only party to have access to the whole   fact†[2] A prudent Master should act reasonably as per the regulations to mitigate liabilities. So the vessel’s owners has to protect themselves under Marine Insurance at all times and mitigate liability it is necessary to ensure compliance with statutory regulations and requirements. 2. Salvage: â€Å"As per the scenario the master has two possible choices, salvage options under LOF, or consider a contract of towage ,master should make a risk assessment of the situation in consultation with his senior management team, due to the unreliability of the navigational equipmet ,and damage to the vessel master should not consider moving under his own power, he considered contract of towage or to hire a salvor   which would result in 4 to 5 times more then the contract of towage, however a prudent master shall inform his owners that he considers it necessary to engage a salvor, The next decision is to accept which salvor services, as there are large number of salvors offering their services , often advise is taken from the shore back up team including the Average adjusters before salvors are hired .The master has to ensure that a careful logging of all events is required thru out the salvage operation, while enroute to the port of refuge he must discuss   plan with owners and managers how he will handle the first few hours when alongside and he will need full support of his ship management team†[3] Cargo jettisoned for the safety of vsl will be allowed general average, after collision both vsl proceed to a port of refuge, the expenses of entering leaving such a port shall be allowed as general average, as stated in the York Antwerp rule X. Loss of freight due to cargo damaged or lost or allowed to lost shall be covered under general average. when the damaged cargo is sold   at a loss, General average allowed will be the difference between the net proceed of sale net sound value General average General average In simple is a partial loss caused by or directly consequential upon a general average act. The General Average as defined in the MIA 1906 s. 66 and York Antwerp rule 2004 rules â€Å"There is a general average act where an extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is voluntarily and reasonable made or incurred in time of peril for the purpose of preserving all the property imperilled in the common adventure’’[4]. As per GA act   damages incurred are usually divided amongst the owner and the shipper,it will depend on the type of charter as to how the expenses will be divided,the Jettisoning of the cargo shall be equally divided between the owner and the   shipper. In the given scenario the vessel had to jettison some containers to assist the vessel to prevent the water ingress for the safety of the ship so this sacrifice was for preserving the property hence eligible for G A. Thus all parties interested in the venture, ship owner, charterers, and cargo owners etc, will proportionally contribute to ship – owner expenses and   for port of refuge for emergency dry dock repairs. These are the main five parts which will show whether that act is classed under the GA or not, in fact GA arises when sacrifices have been made for the safety of the ship against cargo and freight, from some peril of the sea or from its effects. The total of such G A allowances is shared between the various parties who stood to lose each contributing in proportion to his percentage of the total values involved. The purpose of G A is to ensure that the owner of the ship or cargo who has incurred an expenditure or suffered a sacrifice of his cargo in time of peril for the purpose of preserving property receives a contribution to his loss from all those who have benefited from the action, G A acts are allowed under the H M repairs,Expenses incurred due to damage to a ship and its cargo and of taking direct action to prevent further damage to the ship and its cargo is taken as Particular Average. Hull and Machinery Insurance The duration of this insurance is for the maximum period of 12 months.this insurance is covered for the damage by herself   caused to the vessel due to marine peril. It is the protection of liabilities’s of :-  ¾ ths collision liability : The underwiter agrees to pay the  ¾Ã‚   of any sum due to the loss:- Damage caused to the other vessel ,also the loss of property and the general average or salvage of other vessel. General average and salvage:-the adjustment made should be according to the law. The insurance covers loss to the ship   caused by following incidents:- Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fire and Explosion Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accident during loading and discharging ,shifting cargo . Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jettisoning of cargo Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Piracy Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Earthquake /Tsunamis Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peril of the sea,river/lake or any navigable water Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boiler bursting ,defect in machinery,shaft breakage. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Barratry of master/officer/crew. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contact with land conveyance ,dock or harbour equipment. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contact with helicopter,aircraft or falling object. In this scenario own vessel has sailed with a faulty Radar ,this proves that the master had not showed due diligence and will not be getting any compensation.    PI   Insurance Charterrs and ship owners are offered various class of coverage by the PI clubs. PROTECTION COVERS FOLLOWING LIABILITIES:- Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collision Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cargo claims ,crew claims Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oil pollution LIMITATION AND PI COVER:- The PI club has a board of directors who decide how to limit and restrict the cover that is given to the members. The towage of the ship may cover if the member is liable under contract of towage. The club covers the pollution liabilities only to the liability that the pollution is an extent to the escape or discharge of oil or any substance. In this case own vessel had an inoperational radar,The marine insurance contract had been breached,so the insurance company may refuse   to pay the amount. Due-diligence shall be maintained at all times so that the insurance policy can cover the cargo and the ship against damages at all times. 3. Master’s actions are very crucial to obtain cover under Insurance policies. A prudent Master shall act reasonably with the codes and regulations ,Compliance with the rules and regulation will also reduce the carrier or owner liabilities regarding salvage, Master assess the situation thoroughly whether to take salvage. The right to salvage can only arise in respect of maritime properties. The terms and conditions on which the salver agrees to salve the property is   divided into two basis: Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The daily hire basis Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Lloyds open form (L.O.F) The term salvage applies to Ø  Ã‚   the service performed by a salvor Ø  Ã‚   the reward paid to a salvor in respect of his successful services. Since there is no formal contract as to the money which the salvor is due on successful completion of the contract such a method is only employed when the marine environment are in grave danger. â€Å"L.O.F’’ is the most widely used â€Å"no cure – no pay’’ salvage contract, in return for salvage services, the salver receives a proportion of the â€Å"salved value ’’the value of the ship, its cargo and bunkers on board the ship. As per scenario own vessel sufferd severe collision damage on the forward end of the No 1 HOLD-Port side,resulting in partial flooding ,Due to this effect vessel was in grave and imminent danger and threat to environment, in shortest time Master decided to take L.O.F to tow the vessel to port of refuge for emergency dry dock repairs. Own vessel was under   Llyods open Form Choosing the L.O.F is a matter of getting the best expertise possible in the shortest time, the Master/   owner have insufficient time to arrange a daily hire contract, their need not be a formal signing of the form, the terms and conditions can be agreed on communication the words ‘’L.O.F 2000’’ clearly being spoken during acceptance. In this incident the container vessel suffers minor hull damage and vessel was not imminent danger and not any threat to marine environment so the Master preferred to organize a daily hire agreement. The daily hire agreement would work out more economical and less complicated compare to the L.O.F.The salvage operation and its remuneration are as per the Lloyd’s rules and regulations whereas the towage contract depends upon the rules and regulation entered   by the two signatories i.e. the ship owner and the towing company. The time factor is essential for the Master to make a prudent decision contacting the owner who sought advice from H M and P I club to draw satisfactory action plan. H M and P I, insurance policies covered some losses, however, the Master action are extremely important to obtain cover under the different insurance policies.  Ã‚   BIBLIOGRAPHY College notes – shipmasters business by STC Carriage of goods by sea by john F Wilson Shipmasters business companion by Malcolm maclachlan MCA Guidelines-2003 REFERENCES www,google.co.uk www.nortonrose.com Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Introduction As per this scenario own vessel was on a voyage charter,if on a voyage charter the ship owner provides the charter party with details of ship particulars,capacity and Registry. The ship shall proceed with reasonable dispatch.Vessel shall proceed with Reasonable dispatch,after this the owner shall undertake to carry the cargo destination. A list of expected perils. The charter agrees to pay freight and provides full cargo,as per voyage charterer if the vessel does not arrives at a certain Port on a certain day ,the cancelling clause gives the charter the full right for cancelling the contract. Own vessel loaded a cargo of high grade steel pipes,On loading some steel appeared to be rusty.None of the concerned parties appointed a surveyor. Own vessel also accepted a letter of indemnity from the seller and signed a clean ‘Bill of Lading’(BOL).A clean BOL means that contains no positive defective condition ,The importance of BOL is it is an evidence of contract and it is a receipt of goods carried. It is the duty of master to check cargo practically as stated in the BOL and if it mets the criteria as stated then he should sign the BOL. By signing a bill of lading   without checking the cargo the Master has become to party of fraud,Due to this no claim will be covered by the PI,In this case Master should have signed a CLAUSED BOL.Its a BOL that contains a positive notation of a defective condition of the cargo covered,material ,of its packaging Own Vessel sailed out with faulty Navigational equipment(RADAR)and this fault was aware to the Master and also the company.this showed that the Master of own vessel did not exercise due-deligence to make the vessel sea worthy and sailed out for Sea with faulty navigational equipment,which   lead to a collision with the container vessel. Due-diligence means all efforts should be made ,So that the vessel meets all the requirements to make the vessel seaworthy. To meet these requirements the vessel shall be properly manned and should have qualified , competent and well trained staff on Board.Ensure that the vessel can proceed to sea without any harm or danger to the Personnel,Property or Marine environment. Ensure that the vessel carries all the necessary equipment as per SOLAS regulations. Also the Equipment, Cargo,Hatches   is well maintained and in good condition.Cargo shall be looked and maintained on board until it is finally discharged.This will ensure that the Master and the company has exercised Due-diligence.    The container vessel which had sailed out in a seaworthy condition,this vessel was complying with SOLAS regulations and H-V rules when she sailed out for sea.But a day before the collision the vessel was short manned as 2nd officer was Medically evacuated due to serious injury and rest all officers were working short handed,This lead to short manning which eventually caused fatigue to its officers   and thereby breached SOLAS regulationsThis made the container vessel unseaworthy at the time of collision. But the MCA Guidelines (MSN 1778 (M)),allows a vessel to sail for shorter voyage ,if in incase of emergency ,in the case of short manning ,on a condition that the remaining officers on board are not undergoing through stress or fatigue,due to short manning   and also the ILO guidelines of work are observed(ILO guideline 174),in this   case the owner of the vessel could be had liable ,if apart from breaching SOLAS regulations,the guidelines from MCA has not been followed. Apart from these liabilities ,that has caused by the vessel’s owner due to the breach of statutory regulations and requirements,this incident of collision leads to further liabilities,Own vessel besides the liability incurred by the vessel’s owner due to violation   of article 3 of Hague rules to provide proper documentations and a seaworthy Vessel. Due to collision and the vessel being towed to port of refuge,Liability will also be incurred due to the delay caused in delivery of cargo on time.Also the vessel was loaded with high grade steel pipes,since the vessel collided and suffered collision damage on N0 1 Hold,due to water ingress might have also caused damage to the steel pipes.Expenses incurred due to damage to a ship and its cargo. Own vessel suffered damage at forward N o 1H-port side,which resulted in partial flooding.The container vessel suffered minor Hull damage forward and several containers were lost at sea and some were being jettisoned to help the vessel to prevent water ingress.Master’s duty is to do whatever,necessary or reasonable,so that he can save the ship and cargo from any loss or damage.This allows him   to Jettison the cargo,so that is prudent and safe continuation of the voyage. Both vessels were towed to port of refuge for emergency dry dock repairs. As per Hague Visby rules â€Å" the carrier is bound, before and at the beginning of the voyage, to exercise due diligence†. Make the ship seaworthy. Properly manned, equipped and supply the ship. After receiving the goods into his charge the master or carrier or agent,on demand of the shipper ,issue to the shipper a Bill of lading[1] CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS OF THE MASTER When there is a collision the MASTER shall follow the following steps:- Inform the company,owners,charterers,PI clubs and Port Authorities . EVIDENCE COLLECTION. Details of both the ships. Deck and Engine log books with entries. All the printouts and graphs from bridge equipments. All the navigational charts before and after collision. All navigational equipment in use at time of collision. Weather conditions at the time of incident. At the time of contact the vessels estimated courses and speed. Communications and signals made a the time of collision. Statements from witnesses after collision. Details of VTS or Port Control if any in operation at the time of incident. Mitigate losses to ship owner. â€Å" The owner should exercise burden of proof relating to the exercise of due diligence as the vsls navigational equipment was faulty which eventually led to a collision with the container vessel. Whenever loss or damage has been resulted on account of unseaworthiness the burden of proof of due diligence should be on the carrier or the other person claming exemption under this article. The onus is cast on the carrier in relation to proof of due diligence, until the other party has established that the vessel was unseaworthy and his loss was due to that fact, alternatively the burden of proof should rest with the carrier who is the only party to have access to the whole   fact†[2] A prudent Master should act reasonably as per the regulations to mitigate liabilities. So the vessel’s owners has to protect themselves under Marine Insurance at all times and mitigate liability it is necessary to ensure compliance with statutory regulations and requirements. 2. Salvage: â€Å"As per the scenario the master has two possible choices, salvage options under LOF, or consider a contract of towage ,master should make a risk assessment of the situation in consultation with his senior management team, due to the unreliability of the navigational equipmet ,and damage to the vessel master should not consider moving under his own power, he considered contract of towage or to hire a salvor   which would result in 4 to 5 times more then the contract of towage, however a prudent master shall inform his owners that he considers it necessary to engage a salvor, The next decision is to accept which salvor services, as there are large number of salvors offering their services , often advise is taken from the shore back up team including the Average adjusters before salvors are hired .The master has to ensure that a careful logging of all events is required thru out the salvage operation, while enroute to the port of refuge he must discuss   plan with owners and managers how he will handle the first few hours when alongside and he will need full support of his ship management team†[3] Cargo jettisoned for the safety of vsl will be allowed general average, after collision both vsl proceed to a port of refuge, the expenses of entering leaving such a port shall be allowed as general average, as stated in the York Antwerp rule X. Loss of freight due to cargo damaged or lost or allowed to lost shall be covered under general average. when the damaged cargo is sold   at a loss, General average allowed will be the difference between the net proceed of sale net sound value General average General average In simple is a partial loss caused by or directly consequential upon a general average act. The General Average as defined in the MIA 1906 s. 66 and York Antwerp rule 2004 rules    â€Å"There is a general average act where an extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is voluntarily and reasonable made or incurred in time of peril for the purpose of preserving all the property imperilled in the common adventure’’[4].    As per GA act   damages incurred are usually divided amongst the owner and the shipper,it will depend on the type of charter as to how the expenses will be divided,the Jettisoning of the cargo shall be equally divided between the owner and the   shipper.    In the given scenario the vessel had to jettison some containers to assist the vessel to prevent the water ingress for the safety of the ship so this sacrifice was for preserving the property hence eligible for G A. Thus all parties interested in the venture, ship owner, charterers, and cargo owners etc, will proportionally contribute to ship – owner expenses and   for port of refuge for emergency dry dock repairs.    These are the main five parts which will show whether that act is classed under the GA or not, in fact GA arises when sacrifices have been made for the safety of the ship against cargo and freight, from some peril of the sea or from its effects. The total of such G A allowances is shared between the various parties who stood to lose each contributing in proportion to his percentage of the total values involved. The purpose of G A is to ensure that the owner of the ship or cargo who has incurred an expenditure or suffered a sacrifice of his cargo in time of peril for the purpose of preserving property receives a contribution to his loss from all those who have benefited from the action, G A acts are allowed under the H M repairs,Expenses incurred due to damage to a ship and its cargo and of taking direct action to prevent further damage to the ship and its cargo is taken as Particular Average. Hull and Machinery Insurance The duration of this insurance is for the maximum period of 12 months.this insurance is covered for the damage by herself   caused to the vessel due to marine peril. It is the protection of liabilities’s of :-  ¾ ths collision liability : The underwiter agrees to pay the  ¾Ã‚   of any sum due to the loss:- Damage caused to the other vessel ,also the loss of property and the general average or salvage of other vessel. General average and salvage:-the adjustment made should be according to the law. The insurance covers loss to the ship   caused by following incidents:- Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fire and Explosion Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accident during loading and discharging ,shifting cargo . Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jettisoning of cargo Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Piracy Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Earthquake /Tsunamis Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peril of the sea,river/lake or any navigable water Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Boiler bursting ,defect in machinery,shaft breakage. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Barratry of master/officer/crew. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contact with land conveyance ,dock or harbour equipment. Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contact with helicopter,aircraft or falling object. In this scenario own vessel has sailed with a faulty Radar ,this proves that the master had not showed due diligence and will not be getting any compensation.    PI   Insurance Charterrs and ship owners are offered various class of coverage by the PI clubs. PROTECTION COVERS FOLLOWING LIABILITIES:- Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collision Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cargo claims ,crew claims Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oil pollution LIMITATION AND PI COVER:- The PI club has a board of directors who decide how to limit and restrict the cover that is given to the members. The towage of the ship may cover if the member is liable under contract of towage. The club covers the pollution liabilities only to the liability that the pollution is an extent to the escape or discharge of oil or any substance. In this case own vessel had an inoperational radar,The marine insurance contract had been breached,so the insurance company may refuse   to pay the amount. Due-diligence shall be maintained at all times so that the insurance policy can cover the cargo and the ship against damages at all times. 3. Master’s actions are very crucial to obtain cover under Insurance policies. A prudent Master shall act reasonably with the codes and regulations ,Compliance with the rules and regulation will also reduce the carrier or owner liabilities regarding salvage, Master assess the situation thoroughly whether to take salvage. The right to salvage can only arise in respect of maritime properties. The terms and conditions on which the salver agrees to salve the property is   divided into two basis: Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The daily hire basis Ø  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Lloyds open form (L.O.F) The term salvage applies to Ø  Ã‚   the service performed by a salvor Ø  Ã‚   the reward paid to a salvor in respect of his successful services. Since there is no formal contract as to the money which the salvor is due on successful completion of the contract such a method is only employed when the marine environment are in grave danger. â€Å"L.O.F’’ is the most widely used â€Å"no cure – no pay’’ salvage contract, in return for salvage services, the salver receives a proportion of the â€Å"salved value ’’the value of the ship, its cargo and bunkers on board the ship. As per scenario own vessel sufferd severe collision damage on the forward end of the No 1 HOLD-Port side,resulting in partial flooding ,Due to this effect vessel was in grave and imminent danger and threat to environment, in shortest time Master decided to take L.O.F to tow the vessel to port of refuge for emergency dry dock repairs. Own vessel was under   Llyods open Form Choosing the L.O.F is a matter of getting the best expertise possible in the shortest time, the Master/   owner have insufficient time to arrange a daily hire contract, their need not be a formal signing of the form, the terms and conditions can be agreed on communication the words ‘’L.O.F 2000’’ clearly being spoken during acceptance. In this incident the container vessel suffers minor hull damage and vessel was not imminent danger and not any threat to marine environment so the Master preferred to organize a daily hire agreement. The daily hire agreement would work out more economical and less complicated compare to the L.O.F.The salvage operation and its remuneration are as per the Lloyd’s rules and regulations whereas the towage contract depends upon the rules and regulation entered   by the two signatories i.e. the ship owner and the towing company. The time factor is essential for the Master to make a prudent decision contacting the owner who sought advice from H M and P I club to draw satisfactory action plan. H M and P I, insurance policies covered some losses, however, the Master action are extremely important to obtain cover under the different insurance policies.  Ã‚   BIBLIOGRAPHY College notes – shipmasters business by STC Carriage of goods by sea by john F Wilson Shipmasters business companion by Malcolm maclachlan MCA Guidelines-2003 REFERENCES www,google.co.uk www.nortonrose.com [1] College notes-shipmaster’s business [2] Carriage of goods by sea by Jhon F wilson [3] Commercial management for ship masters (A practical guide) Robert L Tallack. [4] Shipmasters business by Malcolm Malcalahan st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;}

How to increase productivity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to increase productivity - Assignment Example ity include taking medical covers for the employees, enhancing communications within the firm and sponsoring advanced studies to sharpen the skills and expertise of specific employees in a firm. These are some of the actions that a management team can adopt to increase the productivity in a firm. Taking medical covers for the employees ensures that the workers are not worried of their health and whenever a health issue arises, it is quickly controlled and the person resumes to duty (Chowdhry et al). Communication is also important in regard to productivity because with proper communication all the challenges facing performance can be controlled. Managers should ensure that both up-ward and down-ward communications are effective and all departments are in harmony in their operations. In order to precise determine the factors that affect productivity and the measures that can be undertaken to increase productivity, it is important to conduct a research. The main objective of the research will be to confirm and ascertain whether the factors mentioned above contribute to the increase in productivity in organizations. The research should involve interviewing employees and the management teams of a least five top performing firms. The information required can be collected through interviews, questionnaires and surveys on their

The Appeal Court Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Appeal Court - Research Paper Example The appeal was based on the fact that the evidence put forth by the prosecution was not sufficient enough to prove him guilty and the decision should be reversed in favor of the appellant. According to the case, the prosecution in the trial court postulated that both Jonathan Parker and Leroy Lewis were narcotics dealers and that Parker had killed his associate Lewis because of his failure to share the robbed cocaine equally among themselves.The prosecution argued that Parker shot Lewis on his head after discovering that Lewis had lied about the total amount of narcotics stolen. The prosecution roped in three other drug dealers to strengthen their argument. On the other side, Jonathan Parker appealed that the evidence put forth by the government was not direct but a wrong inference which was deducted out of unrelated activities. His main defense points were that there was no eyewitness to testify the shooting or to give any statements concerning about the shooting. The prosecution al so could not prove the matching of DNA or fingerprints nor the motive for the killing. They also failed to find or identify the weapon used for killing Lewis. The above case shows how the prosecution used circumstantial evidence to present their case. The appeals court, in this case, had to reverse the decision as this circumstantial evidence does not stand as absolute evidence against the appellant. The court decision must be based on concrete evidence which supports the conclusion of the inference drawn by the prosecution against the defendant.

Object Oriented Mideling through Unified Modeling Language Assignment

Object Oriented Mideling through Unified Modeling Language - Assignment Example The overall objective of preparing this document is to understand user requirement gathering, analysis and design process. The Library Management System would facilitate the employees and librarian in managing and organizing the books in a library through automated catalog system. The system is intended to develop in Java computer language and would be able to execute on UNIX and Windows Operating System having a modern graphical user interface. Keywords: Unified Modern Language (UML), Use Case Diagram, Class Diagram, Sequence Diagram, User Requirements, Object Oriented Modeling Class Diagram Description of Class Diagram In an object oriented application, the class diagram describes the basic structure of the system that is developed to represent the classes within a model having attributes or variables, operations or functions and relationships of one class with other classes (Martin, 2002). The class diagram of Library Management System has been given above, the entity or class nam e â€Å"Employee† illustrated with rectangle divided into three sections, the first section contains the name of the class i-e â€Å"Employee†, the second section contains the attributes or variables of the class, whereas, the third section contains the functions or methods of the class. ... The relationships between classes are represented by a straight line. For example, the relationship between the Borrower class, Library/Employee class and Customer class is determined by a straight line specifying that Borrower is the main class, whereas, Library/Employee and Customer are inherited classes of the Borrower class. Furthermore, same is the case with catalog, book and Magazine classes. This concept is also known as Generalization. Use Case Diagram Description of Use Case Diagram The above diagram shows the Use Case of Library Management System, developed as per requirement specification provided by our Professor. The Use Case Diagram is a methodology that classifies, simplifies and categorizes the users’ requirements by using functions’ (use cases) interaction with actors (Rouse, 2007). In the above diagram, there are two main types of actors are given; the first is â€Å"Employee† that will not only interact with the second actor â€Å"Borrowerâ₠¬  but also with other use cases. Basically, the actor â€Å"Borrower† can be classified into three actors known as Library, Employee (wanted to borrow book/magazine) and Customer as identified in the requirement specification document. In the above Use Case Diagram, I have identified in total fourteen (14) use cases from which ten (10) would be utilized by the Employee actor whereas the other four (4) are the functions of Borrower actor. The Borrower actor can interact with four use cases along with the other actor Employee, the four use cases includes the customer has to be registered member of Library through the employee of Library for borrowing book, returning book, and he has also right of

Group dynamics in the business world

Group dynamics in the business world Management Importance Of Understanding Group Dynamics In The Business World The study of two or more persons who are associated to each other by common relations, which form a group, is known as the group dynamics. This is very important in the areas of sociology, psychology, and communication studies. They relate and manipulate each other and build up a variety of dynamic processes which split them from a arbitrary collection of persons. These processes are norm, role, associations, and growth; need to fit in, social power, and effect on conduct. Groups can be categorized as collective such as main, secondary and category group. In an institute growth, the expression group process refers to the perceptive of the behaviors of citizens in groups that are trying to unravel a quandary or formulate a resolution (Drucker, 2007). It is an important feature of successful solidarity and is an aspect affecting the result of any type of an event done by a group. Factors such as influence, power and inter-personal conflict have an effect on dynamics and the performance of a group. Importance Of Understanding Group Dynamics As the team is formed, it is very crucial to be aware of the group in the areas such as; what to do when the team gets mutual for the first time, what to do when a member leaves or someone else joins after the group has matured, what happens when the leader of the group is replaced by a new member or from the team, why the team exists, the kind of relations they have, what if conflict arises among the team members. How Does Positive Interdependence Help To Achieve Mutual Goals? Positive interdependence is the ideal eminence that defines the collaboration and changes group work into solidarity. It is an important characteristic that has been emphasized by scholars alarmed first and foremost with promoting the academic achievement of the students and cognitive growth and also scholars apprehensive with the holistic growth of students simply involve the growth of freedom to select freely and do something free from the outside influence. Thus a great result is experienced within teamwork unlike from an individual since with respect to time and capital, an individual will spend more compared to the team. Are Groups Or Individuals More Effective In Work Environments For groups to become effective in work environments there are various steps that give the guideline to their success. These include: organizing a cross-function team based on the various and types of skill and ability of every member, ascertain clear objectives and boundaries for the team, endow with the team clear power and self-government to systemize their work and achieve their objectives, set a sensible but distinct time frame to achieve their objective in order to inspire and compel the team to results, maintain the team by providing all essential resources to achieve their objective and finally remunerate and identify the team as one and not as persons (Cooper, 1992). Why Is It Said That Research About Groups Is NOT Always Valid And Relevant? This is because the reimbursement of a research is not always definite and may not be felt by the players and is not different to their interests, is a reason of which one must be satisfied. What is group cohesiveness? Is group cohesiveness important? How do group cohesive forces affect group processes? What can you do to increase cohesiveness in your group? Group cohesiveness is how much the members of the team are pulled together to the ideas and views of the team. It is an important aspect as it strengthens the team in terms of growth and maturity and also in marketing strategies not forgetting the behavior of the team. To increase the cohesiveness of the in the group, involve every member in the discussions by giving all an opportunity to air their ideas or views and also organizing some social activity such as games that all members will participate in freely. Engaging the team members in training courses that will add to their skills. This will open up the spirit of many people and create a stronger bond among them thus strengthening the group. How Does Social Influence/Interaction Affect Decision-Making? How Can You Encourage/Promote And Discourage Members Acceptance Of Proposals In The Workplace? Social influence affects the decision making in that a persons attitude can come in between the communication. Attitude in this case is a persons perception toward a thing or an idea or even to another to another person. Are Leaders An Important Aspect Of Groups? Can Leaders Emerge From Groups? How? What Is The Importance Of Group Members Perceptions About Leadership And Why Is This Phenomenon Important As It Pertains To Group Outcomes? Leaders are an important aspect in a group. No group can make a move without a form of leadership. The role of leaders in groups or even organizations is to create and implement ideas and also to push and encourage the members to achieving their goals and objectives. According to Bruce and Pepitone (1998), leaders can emerge from groups of which would be the best step since this particular person will have views the problems from different perceptions that is from the position of been a member and having interacted with them and discussed issues from a personal level, he or she will be able to tackle them and come with solutions that will benefit not only the team but the members as well. Leadership is in due course about creating a technique for people to add to making something bizarre take place. The importance of the members perceptions about leadership is very important as they may make or break the team. Most importantly when the leader happens to hear about the issues, he she will be able to rule in a different direction or support his way of governance (Hamel Breen, 2007). If the members dont like the present leader the team may be facing disaster as they will be performing in protest that they will end up not achieving their goals or producing good results. Leadership is basically making sure the job is completed successfully. Why are teams more effective than work groups in certain situations? Identify these situations where teams are more effective than work group and provide examples. Teams are better performing than groups. this is so because a team is smaller than a group in most cases who have come together with a common goal while a group come together to contribute to a topic on their views and knowledge. Teams necessitate individual and joint accountability whereas groups dont. A teams purpose is in cooperation strong-minded and intended with organization. Teams have the role of leadership distributed among the members of the team, they dedicated in working in harmony to of course achieve the goals and they work by applying all forms of respect to the counterparts this characteristics strengthen they union (Hyman Mason, 1995). Groups are helpful and important to an organization because they can finish critical responsibilities whereas teams are also very important and can work at high levels than distinctive work (Robbins Coulter, 2009). This higher presentation level is the effect of a superior synergy consequential from teamwork and jointly created outputs to a certain extent than a pool of individual output. The more casual environment in which members of a team work, and also which also allow for community of performance to build up ensuing in on-going erudition and creative application, encourages the strength of teams. References Bruce, A., Pepitone, J.S. (1998). Motivating Employees. London: McGraw-Hill. Cooper, R.N (1992). Economic Stabilization and Debt in Developing Countries, 2nd ed., MIT Press, Edinburgh. Drucker, P.F. (2007). Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices. Edinburgh: Transaction Publishers. Hamel, G., Breen, B. (2007). The future of management. Atlanta: Harvard Business Press. Hyman, J., Mason, B. (1995). Managing Employee Involvement and Participation. New York: SAGE. Robbins, S. P., Coulter, M. (2009).Management. (10th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson.

Chase.coms Quest for a Global Web Presence Essay -- Papers

Chase.com's Quest for a Global Web Presence Overview ======== Chase.com and Chase Manhattan together are an international powerhouse in commercial banking. The bank has been continually growing since the merger in 1955 between The Chase National Bank and The Bank of Manhattan Company; another merger with the Chemical Banking Company of New York in 1996 made Chase the largest bank holding company in the US. It was the takeover of J.P Morgan in 2000, which lead to Chase becoming the powerhouse of international banking. ====================================================================== Reasons for development ======================= Two of the major problems that Chase Manhattan faced were due to changes in the general business environment. Â · Globalisation is fast becoming a reality and therefore Chase's domestic customers were now competing with rivals all over the world. Chase in turn had to be able to offer these customers top-quality service wherever they were doing business. Â · Advances in telecommunications, including the growth of the Internet, forced Chase (as well as all other major banks) to use telecommunications to compete globally. Chase Manhattan had no choice but to expand and set up Chase.com due to the changing global economy. The internet has fast become used in every business all over the world and in order for Chase to keep in touch with it's customers and to keep ahead of its competitors it has to optimise business and links to noncore services. Before a new system can be successfully implemented, the characteristics of the company need to be evaluated to see what type ... ... process of implementing a system be to the requirements established by Chase to their ASP? Chase is demanding that the website enables it to have a competitive edge. The system solution is proposing to maintain a fully updated system which will be built on an established technological position, this will provide Chase with a world-class website to help them maintain their respected name in banking and provide them with a competitive edge over others. The solution will make Chase's business completely Internet enabled by providing account information, portals for banking and portfolio and currency management. With the option of updating the system when required to keep Chase ahead of competitors the ASP's suggested solution has all the characteristics of a successful partnership with Chase and its requirements. Chase.com's Quest for a Global Web Presence Essay -- Papers Chase.com's Quest for a Global Web Presence Overview ======== Chase.com and Chase Manhattan together are an international powerhouse in commercial banking. The bank has been continually growing since the merger in 1955 between The Chase National Bank and The Bank of Manhattan Company; another merger with the Chemical Banking Company of New York in 1996 made Chase the largest bank holding company in the US. It was the takeover of J.P Morgan in 2000, which lead to Chase becoming the powerhouse of international banking. ====================================================================== Reasons for development ======================= Two of the major problems that Chase Manhattan faced were due to changes in the general business environment. Â · Globalisation is fast becoming a reality and therefore Chase's domestic customers were now competing with rivals all over the world. Chase in turn had to be able to offer these customers top-quality service wherever they were doing business. Â · Advances in telecommunications, including the growth of the Internet, forced Chase (as well as all other major banks) to use telecommunications to compete globally. Chase Manhattan had no choice but to expand and set up Chase.com due to the changing global economy. The internet has fast become used in every business all over the world and in order for Chase to keep in touch with it's customers and to keep ahead of its competitors it has to optimise business and links to noncore services. Before a new system can be successfully implemented, the characteristics of the company need to be evaluated to see what type ... ... process of implementing a system be to the requirements established by Chase to their ASP? Chase is demanding that the website enables it to have a competitive edge. The system solution is proposing to maintain a fully updated system which will be built on an established technological position, this will provide Chase with a world-class website to help them maintain their respected name in banking and provide them with a competitive edge over others. The solution will make Chase's business completely Internet enabled by providing account information, portals for banking and portfolio and currency management. With the option of updating the system when required to keep Chase ahead of competitors the ASP's suggested solution has all the characteristics of a successful partnership with Chase and its requirements.

Benefits Of Text Messaging For Children Essay

It turns out that text messaging positively affects a child’s literacy and, in fact may even improve it, according to a new study conducted by a Coventry University in Britain. The University researchers involved a group of 88 children between the ages of 10 and 12, for their study. Their goal was to figure out what are the effects of text messaging on children’s communication skills. All the kids were given 10 different scenarios and were asked to write text messages about them, describing each situation. The textisms were divided into categories such as shortenings, contractions, symbols, acronyms, and non-conventional spellings, and examined for the use of the language in comparison with the school performance. When the researchers compared later the number of text messages being used, with a different research that focused on the reading ability of children, they discovered that those kids who used more textisms turned out to be much better readers. The follow-up study and its preliminary results revealed that textism rather improved literacy than had a harmful effect. The alarming warnings in the media are based on selected anecdotes but in fact when analyzing the examples of text speak in essays experts were not able to find many of them, according to the researchers. In opposite, students appeared to completely understand when they were making contractions and taking the shortcuts, that are very common in text conversations. In addition, when asked to write something in a serious way, the kids were able to put those textisms aside. The kids are actually taking the whole language to a new level, even if critics do not agree with it and say that it is not the right one. Basically, every expression and intonation that are being used during normal conversation, has to be inserted in a text message, however in most cases young people who send SMS-s on a regular basis, have no time to do so. Instead, they start using abbreviations, which allow them to write even the most complex and long phrases and expressions with only a few letters or words. One way to achieve this is just removing all the vowels from a word, leaving only consonants. With practice, words that at a first glance seem like a mess, and message with no sense, can actually turn out to be quite simple to understand. The experts also wrote that the association between text messaging and phonological awareness has been found during their study. Dr. Beverly Plester and her colleagues at the Coventry University believe that when the kids are exposed to the text that is based mostly on phonetics, they are better improving their literary skills. According to the researchers phonological awareness has been associated with good reading skills for a long time. This way kids are using more written language and it is a great fun for them. The experts acknowledge the fact that in any case no final conclusions can be yet made, and say that their study does not claim that text messaging plays a major role in children’s ability of word reading. However, they say that the experience and skill can contribute to the â€Å"prediction† of their word reading ability, and that messaging skills deserve additional study. In the conclusion, the researchers added that no link so far was found between the use of text conversations and the spelling abilities of all the study participants. â€Å"This suggests that, as anticipated, at this stage of development there is no evidence of a detrimental effect of textisms exposure on conventional spelling,† they stated in their report. And no matter what is the case, it is becoming more of an accepted fact that texting is neither hurting children, nor it makes them any dumber, or kills the English language. The results of the study are published in the British Journal of Developmental Psychology. Advantages Text messaging is a non-voice communication tool that enables a user to send short messages to another user. The service is available on all modern phones. Text messaging has some advantages over other means of communication. Cheaper: Sending a text message is less expensive than placing a regular phone call or video call. Record keeping: A person can easily deny or misrepresent the information you gave them on a phone call, but when you send a text message, it is stored in your â€Å"sent items,† while for the receiver, it is available in their inbox. It is a good way to keep record and remember contents of a conversation. Signal economy: Text messaging is more efficient in terms of managing service signals. Text messaging uses less amounts of service signals than phone calling, video calling and/or email, which may require the availabilty of at least 3G. Discretion: Text messaging is a good alternative in situations where phone calling is not appropriate, for example, during a meeting, or you don’t want others to hear your conversations. Mild interruption: Unlike a regular phone call, you can respond to a text message at your convenience. A phone call demands your immediate response whether it is convenient for you or not. Reduces unneeded talk time: Text messaging reduces the amount of time spent talking. A phone call could lead to unnecessary talks, but with a text message, you go straight to the point. Most phones have t9 text input which enhances speed typing. Read more: http://www.mobiletechnologybits.blogspot.com/2013/01/advantages-of-text-messaging.html Disadvantages Text messaging facilitates the exchange of short messages. Text messaging can serve as a substitute to phone calling, could be used in a remote control system, participation in a contest, service requests, advertising, and so forth. However, text messaging has some disadvantages. Limited storage: There is a limit to the number of text messages that could be stored in the phone. If your inbox gets full, your phone can no longer receive anymore messages unless you delete some of them. If your SIM card or phone goes bad, you could lose your messages, if not backed up. However, some service providers have deployed a way around this, for example, Glo SMS4Ever. Length: Text messaging when the content is lengthy is not convenient. A page of a text message could contain 160, 140 or 70 characters [including spaces] depending on the bit of the characters. Although you can send a multi-page text message, the higher the number of pages, the higher the probability of delivery failure. Content: A text message is what it is; it can contain only text. It does not support other media, including videos, pictures, melodies or animations. To be able to send a multimedia message, you must use Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) or MMS. Not suitable in emergencies: In situations that require immediate response, text messaging may not be the most viable option. Security issues: Gartner has recommended that confidential messages shouldn’t be sent using the regular consumer SMS as the contents of a common text message could be seen by the network’s systems and personnel. Not applicable to certain physically disadvantaged persons: For example, a blind person cannot read the contents of a text message on a phone’s regular display. Read more: http://www.mobiletechnologybits.blogspot.com/2013/01/disadvantages-of-text-messaging.html http://www.mobiletechnologybits.blogspot.com/2013/01/advantages-of-text-messaging.html

The Mechanism of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction and its Application in the Organic Synthesis Review

The Mechanism of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction and its Application in the Organic Synthesis Review Free Online Research Papers The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, named after two chemists who established its basic utility and form, is a photochemical reaction that forms four-membered oxetane rings from a carbonyl and an alkene. Much work has been done with the reaction since Dr. Thorsten Bach of the University of Marburg published a review article in 1998 on its mechanism and synthetic utility. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction has been used recently in attempt to synthesize many natural organic products. In these experiments, the chemists are chiefly concerned with the regio- and diastereoselectivity of the products. This paper will address these selectivity concerns and report on the specific products that have been worked with since Dr. Bach’s 1998 review paper, such as (+)-Preussin and (?)-Oxetin. The following review seeks to be a source of information detailing the recent discoveries in the mechanism and application of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, intended specifically for organic chemists involved in synthesis. Contents Abstract I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 II. Mechanistic Knowledge and Recent Discoveries A. General Mechanism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 B. Mechanistic Issues in Synthesis 1. Regioselectivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2. Stereoselectivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 III. Specific Synthetic Applications A. Ring Opening Reactions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 B. Formation of Natural Oxetane Products†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 IV. Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 V. Literature Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 VI. Tables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 VII. Figure Captions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 VIII. Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 IX. Schemes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Introduction Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions that are affected by or proceed upon application of light energy. Photochemical processes are useful tools in the laboratory because they excite ground-state electrons and form radicals.1 These radicals can be used to add to other molecules to form products that would be impossible or at least more difficult to form using other synthetic methods. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction is a synthetic method used in photochemistry that forms oxetane rings through excitation of the electrons on a carbonyl molecule. When the electron on the carbonyl is excited, it forms a radical and adds to an alkene, forming a 1,4-diradical. The diradical then closes and forms the oxetane ring when the two excited 1,4 electrons combine (see Scheme 1). An oxetane is a four-membered cyclic molecule (or part of a molecule) composed of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom (see Figure 1). The configuration of the product oxetane and the diradical explanation of the mechanism were established by Dr. Paternà ² and Dr. Bà ¼chi. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction was named for these two chemists. Their work was published separately; Dr. Paternà ² published his article in Italy in 1909, and Dr. Bà ¼chi’s article was in print by 1954.2 Since 1954, chemists have produced several additional reviews of the reaction. These reviews have only recently begun to appear in the literature; most have been published within in the past 20 years.1 In 1998, Dr. Thorsten Bach of the University of Marburg wrote one of the most comprehensive review articles concerning the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. The review explained the mechanism of the process based on the information available from previous experimentation. Dr. Bach’s paper then continued to detail the specific products that can be synthesized using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Much of his work addressed the concerns in regio- and stereoselective yield that arise during photochemical synthesis.1 Understanding the factors affecting regio- and stereoselective yields and other aspects of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction mechanism would greatly aid chemists in their effort to synthesize natural compounds and other organic products. Many of these products have oxetane rings in their structure, and several others are alcohols that can be synthesized using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process followed by a ring-opening reaction. In either case, an understanding of the mechanism of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction will aid chemists in obtaining yields with high selectivity.1,3 The selectivity of the yield in a synthetic process is especially important during manufacture of biological compounds, where the regio- or stereochemical structure of a drug can mean the difference between recovery and fatality. Regio- and stereochemical control can be achieved using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, which provides more efficient and sometimes essential methods of synthesizing many important biological products. The ?-amino acid oxetin, which acts as an antibiotic and herbicide, and the antifungal agent (+)-Preussin are two examples of natural compounds that can be made using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction.4,5 Experiments concerning the synthesis of natural compounds have been recently growing in number. Since the printing of Dr. Bach’s paper in 1998, there have been several such experiments involving the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, and publications reporting the regio- and stereoselective issues and mechanics of the process have appeared in numerous journals. Regardless of the specific interest in the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction or photochemistry in general, chemists who are involved in organic synthesis would benefit from the latest knowledge of an efficient synthetic method.5 This review paper, intended then for organic chemists involved in general synthesis, will seek to compile the experimental results of only those publications in print since Dr. Bach’s review article. Mechanistic Knowledge and Recent Discoveries General Mechanism The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction involves promoting electrons into excited states with light and allowing them to form cyclic bonds. The reaction is a type of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition, or 2? + 2?, which indicates that two electrons in ? bonds are reacting with two other ? electrons to form two different bonds. The two ? bonds in the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction come from a molecule containing an alkene component and a molecule with a carbonyl component. The new bonds formed through this process are ? bonds. Because these ? bonds complete a ring, the reaction is called a cycloaddition. Adding the â€Å"photo-† prefix to the word â€Å"cycloaddition† indicates that the reaction is initiated by light energy.1 When enough light energy is applied to the carbonyl group, an electron in either the nonbonding orbital or the ? bond enters into an excited state wherein the electron is promoted to an anti-bonding orbital (see Scheme 1).6 The promoted electron initially retains its spin, and because electrons in the same orbital have opposite spins, the excited electron and the electron with which it was coupled before excitation still have opposite spins. This electron configuration is known as an excited singlet state, which is abbreviated and represented in Scheme 1 as S1. However, the S1 does not last long (approximately 1–2 ns), and the spin of the promoted electron quickly changes. This situation, in which the promoted electron changes its spin, is called intersystem crossing, or ISC.1 In this case, the excited electron goes through ISC from the S1 to the triplet state, abbreviated T1.6 The initial addition to the alkene 1 can happen either in the T1 or S1. If the carbonyl remains in the singlet state long enough to add to the alkene, it will add to form a transition state resembling a 1,4-diradical 3 with a negligibly short lifetime. The brevity of the lifetime of this diradical results from the fact that the S1 carbonyl has its radical electrons in opposite spins. When a radical electron adds to a full orbital (in this case the full ? molecular orbital on the alkene 1), it will only couple with the electron with opposite spin. The remaining displaced uncoupled electron is thus the same spin as the radical electron that initially added. Hence, the two radical electrons of the diradical formed immediately upon the singlet addition to the alkene 1 will be of opposite spin. Electrons must be of opposite spin to form a molecular bond, and thus the radical electrons in this diradical from the S1 will quickly bond, closing the molecule to form the oxetane ring 4 (see Sch eme 1).6 However, oxetane ring closure takes longer if the T1 carbonyl adds to the alkene 1. Because the radical electrons in the triplet state carbonyl are of similar spin, the resulting 1,4-diradical 2 will also contain two radical electrons of the same spin. As these radical electrons cannot form a bond due to their identical spin, a relatively longer time must pass before one of the electrons changes spin and the bond forms (see Scheme 1).2 Mechanistic Issues in Synthesis Regioselectivity Because an alkene component, by definition, is composed of two carbon atoms held together by a double bond, there exists two points on the alkene where the excited electron on the carbonyl group may add. In the examples in the figures given previously, the alkene used, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, is completely achiral. The two alkene carbons are identical and thus it makes no functional difference to which carbon atom the oxygen adds. However, not all alkene molecules have identical carbons. In fact, most alkenes are chiral and the carbon atoms are not identical. Furthermore, many molecules have two or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The regioselectivity, or the preference of one atom to bond to another, is a major concern in synthesis.7 The regioselectivity concern generally arises when the carbonyl adds to the alkene in the triplet state. If the molecule is going to have a measurable 1,4-diradical configuration, as it does when the T1 carbonyl adds, the excited electron on the oxygen atom will tend to add to the side of the alkene that forms the most stable diradical. Bach1 and Adam7 have done extensive studies on the regioselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Adam and Stegmann placed various substrates on a chiral alkene and reacted it with benzophenone. Table 1 displays the scheme of the reaction and his results. As can be observed in each reaction, the methyl groups on the original alkene stabilized the diradical so that the majority of the time the oxygen originally added into the carbon with the R1 and X group. However, in general, as the R1 and X substrates increased in size, decreasing the stability differences between the 1,4-diradicals leading to the 3 and 3’ products, the regiosel ectivity also dropped sharply (refer to Table 1). This experiment provides excellent evidence that regioselectivity is determined by the most stable 1,4-diradical.7 The stability of the 1,4-diradical is not the sole determinant of regioselectivity, however. The phenomenon of hydrogen bonding also has proven to influence regioselectivity. The oxygen atom on the carbonyl may be attracted to a specific hydrogen atom on one side of the alkene. This attraction will then cause a hydrogen bond to form. The carbonyl oxygen will then prefer to add to the carbon atom closest to the bond-forming hydrogen atom. Even though entry 1 in Table 1 has a larger X substrate (OH) attached to the alkene carbon than does entry 2 (H), it gives a much higher regioselectivity. This observation can be explained by the fact that the carbonyl oxygen tends to form a hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group. Hydrogen bond effects are seen again in Table 2. Note that entry 5 is the only entry without a hydroxy group and hence has the lowest regioselectivity (refer to Table 2). The reaction of substrates 4e-4h can be seen in Figure 2. The carbonyl oxygen coordi nates with the hydroxy group in each case to form a hydrogen bond (see Figure 2).7 Stereoselectivity In the reaction of acetone with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (Figure 1), the reactant molecules were achiral and no new stereocenters were formed. However, in most Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reactions, there are two potentially new stereocenters formed. There could be, of course, feasibly only one stereocenter, or even three, but throughout most of the literature regarding Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reactions, the chemists are centrally concerned with diastereoselectivity.1 Diastereoselective studies involve the preference of a reaction to produce new molecules with two stereocenters. The selective formation of these stereocenters remains a major aim in synthesis. Therefore, the stereochemical information in this review will tend to focus on the recent discoveries in the diastereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process. Just as in regiochemistry, the state (T1 or S1) of the excited carbonyl affects the diastereoselectivity of the reaction. Griesbeck and associates2 have researched the dependence of the diastereoselectivity on the electron spin direction. This research specifically concerned the addition of aliphatic aldehydes to 2,3 dihydrofuran and 2,3 dihydropyran. The aldehyde was used as the carbonyl group; it was irradiated to excite the electrons initially into the singlet state. Because the aldehyde only has a lifetime of 1–2 nanoseconds in its excited singlet state, trapping reagents had to be used to intercept the carbonyl group in the S1. The products of an excited state singlet carbonyl could then be studied. Griesbeck found that increased concentration of trapping reagent gave increasingly lower diastereoselectivity as more of the aldehyde was trapped in its singlet state. This lower selectivity can be explained plainly in terms of the transition state of the reaction. As the transition state between the reactant singlet carbonyl and the product oxetane has a negligible lifetime, there is no need to be concerned about intermediate stability, geometrical restrictions, or steric interactions. Thus, there is no need for the singlet to be selective in its direction of addition.2 However, addition selectivity plays an important role in the T1. When the carbonyl in the triplet state adds to the alkene, it forms a 1,4 diradical that has a relatively measurable lifetime. This diradical must undergo intersystem crossing in order to close into the oxetane, which requires rigorous geometrical restrictions. Thus, the geometric configuration and stability of this diradical affects the diastereochemical makeup of the product oxetane. In this particular experiment, Griesbeck et al. found that the reaction through the triplet pathway yielded diastereoselectivities of up to 90:10.2 Because the geometric restrictions of the intermediate diradical in the triplet pathway is a major factor in determining the stereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, steric interactions must be considered. Adam and Stegmann7 studied the diastereoselectivity of the addition of aromatic aldehydes to allylic alcohols. Increasing the size of the R group on the alcohol gave increasingly higher diastereoselectivities (refer to Table 2). This observation indicates that the R group is a steric hindrance to the formation of the erythro-product (see Figure 2). Additional studies by Abe et al.8 conclude similarly that increased size of substrate groups will increase the stereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Hydrogen bonding can also affect the stereoselectivity of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction just as this bonding phenomenon has been shown to affect regioselectivity. In another experiment, Griesbeck and Bondock9 tested the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction of prenol and prenyl acetate. Although there was not a major difference in stereoselectivity attained by replacing the hydroxy group with an acetate group, the hydrogen bonding delayed the intersystem crossing. Hydrogen bonding actually proved to activate the electron further on the carbonyl, causing an increase in the time the carbonyl could remain in its singlet-excited state. This increased lifetime allowed more singlet carbonyls to add to the alkene. Because singlet carbonyls generally add to alkenes irrespective of geometry or orientation, an actual decrease in stereoselectivity was observed due to hydrogen-bonding effects. On the other hand, Bach et al.10 found that in their study, hydrogen bonding increased diastereoselectivity. In this experiment, a very complex molecule was used as the alkene, 3,4-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-one. Because the carbonyl, a chiral aromatic aldehyde, formed a hydrogen bond with the amide hydrogen on the alkene, it formed a stable exciplex with the alkene. This stabilization allowed the carbonyl to add specifically in a constant geometrical conformation, yielding high diastereoselectivity. Because the geometrical conformation of a molecule is often altered by increased heat, temperature can also play a major role in stereoselectivity. Adam and associates11 studied the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi addition of benzophenone to both cis- and trans-cyclooctene at a temperature range of –95  °C to 110  °C. Except for the two extremes, temperature intervals of 20  °C were used. It was found that increasing the temperature increased the likelihood of the conformation change of the cyclooctene. If the cyclooctene changed conformation, the oxetane product was also changed. Lower temperatures favored the highest diastereoselectivity in each case. Specific Synthetic Applications Ring Opening Reactions Once an oxetane ring is formed, it can be then opened conventionally with an agent such as LiAlH4 or sodium metal, creating an alcohol. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction thus becomes an intermediate reaction rather than a terminal one. The advantage of using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction as an intermediate in synthesis concerns stereoselective purity. The ring is opened in a way that the reaction takes place at a non-stereogenic center, and the stereoselectivity is thus preserved.12 Ring opening reactions are key in synthesizing many natural products. For example, prostaglandin analogues and ephedrine are products used often in medicine, and these can be synthesized utilizing the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction and then opening the oxetane ring. Insect pheromones and asteltoxin, a potent inhibitor of ATP synthesis, can also be formed using this ring-opening process as an intermediate.1 Bach and his group specifically completed the total synthesis of (+)-Preussin.13 (+)-Preussin is a useful antifungal agent. However, only the (+)-enantiomer is active. Therefore, it is absolutely imperative that the stereoselectivity is pure. This purity can be preserved through the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. The final product can be formed beginning with the commercially available (S)-pyroglutaminol. The total synthesis of (+) Preussin is given in Scheme 2. (+)-Preussin is certainly useful, but it is in no way the limit of the ring-opening process. As mentioned above, ring-opening reactions can be used to create diastereomerically pure alcohols. The final structure of the alcohol is based on the structure of the oxetane ring molecule. Bach and Eilers12 worked on the synthesis of diols. In this experiment, an oxetane was prepared with a protecting group. The protecting group, a trimethylsilyl ether, and the oxygen atom of the oxetane ring were attached to adjacent carbons. After removing the protecting group, LiAlH4 was applied to the oxetane, opening the ring. A trans-1,2-diol was then obtained at 69-99% yield. Still, diols are not the only alcohols that can be obtained from oxetane rings. Adding N-Acyl enamines to aldehydes in the presence of light energy causes the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. Subsequent ring opening using LiAlH4 or LiSBn then can form a cis 1,2 amino alcohol. Bach and Schrà ¶der15 studied this particular synthesis and were able to obtain these products in 65-86% yields. Formation of Natural Oxetane Products Although the ring opening process is extremely useful in synthesis, it is not always necessary to continue after the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction has taken place. Some useful natural compounds contain oxetane components and thus use the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process as a terminal step. Oxetanocin, an anti-cancer drug, was synthesized using this reaction. Additionally, the ?-amino acid (?)-oxetin was produced by adding an N-acyl enamine to an aldehyde. (?)-Oxetin has proven to act usefully as an antibiotic and herbicide.4 Summary Understanding the basics of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction is straightforward, but the scope of its application and its impact on photochemistry is extensive. Although the majority of chemists do not deal with photochemical processes, knowledge of at least the existence of the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction can facilitate the solution to many synthetic problems. The simultaneous formation of both a carbon-oxygen bond and a carbon carbon bond is extremely useful in connecting molecules together. Furthermore, the universal concern of regio- and stereochemical yields are usually solved using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction, which generally adds both regioselectively and stereoselectively. One can generally predict the regio- and stereoselectivity by an analysis of the chemical structure of the two reactants. There are several factors influencing the selectivity, which include diradical stability, steric interaction, hydrogen bonding, and temperature. Additionally, understanding the mechanistic nature of the singlet- and triplet-excited states of the carbonyl plays an important role in predicting and preparing yields. Further knowledge of the mechanism of the reaction will allow for much more accurate and efficient synthesis. Improved synthetic methods will lead to additional discoveries and more effective manufacture of important organic compounds. (?)-Oxetin and oxetanocin are two oxetane-containing compounds that can be synthesized using the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction. However, not all useful compounds created with this reaction are oxetanes. (+)-Preussin, ephedrine, and prostaglandin analogues are alcohols that are synthesized using ring-opening reactions following the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi process. As chemists at both universities and in the pharmaceutical laboratories gain more knowledge of efficient synthetic techniques, important natural compounds can be more effectively and cheaply made available to their target audience. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi reaction has proven useful and effective in the past and as it continues to be studied, it will only enhance the growing arsenal of synthetic chemists. Literature Cited 1. Bach, T. Stereoselective Intermolecular [2+2]-Photocycloaddition Reactions and Their Application in Synthesis. Synthesis 1998, 5, 683–703. 2. Griesbeck, A. G.; Fiege, M.; Bondock, S.; Gudipati, M. S. Spin Directed Stereoselectivity of Carbonyl–Alkene Photocycloadditions. Organic Lett. 2000, 2, 3623–3625. 3. Bach, T.; Bergmann, H.; Brummerhop, H.; Lewis, W.; Harms, K. The [2 + 2]-Photocycloaddition of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones to 3,4-Dihydro-2-pyridones: Regioselectivity, Diastereoselectivity, and Reductive Ring Opening of the Product Oxetanes. Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 4512–4521. 4. Bach, T.; Schrà ¶der, J. A Short Synthesis of (?)-Oxetin. Liebigs Ann. / Rescueil 1997, 2265–2267. 5. Bach, T. The Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction of N-Acyl Enamines and Aldehydes – The Development of a New Synthetic Method and its Application to Total Synthesis and Molecular Recognition Studies. Synlett 2000, 12, 1699–1707. 6. Kuteladze, A.G. Conformational Analysis of Singlet–Triplet State Mixing in Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Diradicals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9279–9282. 7. Adam, W.; Stegmann, V. R. Hydroxy-Group Directivity in the Regioselective and Diastereoselective [2+2] Photocycloaddition (Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction) of Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds to Chiral and Achiral Allylic Substrates: The Preparation of Oxetanes with up to Three Stereogenic Centers as Synthetic Building Blocks. Synthesis 2001, 8, 1203–1214. 8. Abe, M.; Torii, E.; Nojima, M. Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Photocyclization of 2-Siloxyfurans and Carbonyl Compounds. Notable Substituent and Carbonyl (Aldehyde vs. Ketone and Singlet- vs. Triplet-Excited State) Effects on the Regioselectivity (Double-Bond Selection) in the Formation of Bicyclic exo-Oxetanes. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 3426–3431. 9. Griesbeck, A.G.; Bondock, S. Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reactions of Allylic Alcohols and Acetates with Aldehydes: Hydrogen-Bond Interaction in the Excited Singlet and Triplet States? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6191–6192. 10. Bach, T.; Bergmann, H.; Harms, K. High Facial Diastereoselectivity in the Photocycloaddition of a Chiral Aromatic Aldehyde and an Enamide Induced by Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 10650–10651. 11. Adam, W.; Stegmann, V. R.; Weinkà ¶tz, S. Unusual Temperature-Dependent Diastereoselectivity in the [2+2] Photocycloaddition (Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction) of Benzophenone to cis- and trans-Cyclooctene through Conformational Control. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2452–2453. 12. Bach, T.; Eilers, F. Diastereomerically Pure 1,2-Diols by Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions of 3-Oxetanols – A Study Directed Towards the Identification of Suitable Nucleophiles and the Elucidation of Possible Side Reactions. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 2161–2169. 13. Bach, T.; Brummerhop, H. Unprecedented Facial Diastereoselectivity in the Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reaction of a Chiral Dihydropyrole- A Short Total Synthesis of (+)-Preussin. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3400–3401. 14. Bach, T.; Brummerhop, H.; Harms, K. The Synthesis of (+)-Preussin and Related Pyrrolidinols by Diastereoselective Paternà ²Ã¢â‚¬â€œBà ¼chi Reactions of Chiral 2 Substituted 2,3-Dihydropyrroles. Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 3838–3843. 15. Bach, T.; Schrà ¶der, J. Photocycloaddition of N-Acyl Enamines to Aldehydes and Its Application to the Synthesis of Diastereomerically Pure 1,2-Amino Alcohols. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 1265–1273. Research Papers on The Mechanism of the Paterno-Buchi Reaction and its Application in the Organic Synthesis ReviewOpen Architechture a white paperEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

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Value Added Tax Essays Value Added Tax Essay Value Added Tax Essay Value added tax (VAT) in theory avoids the cascade effect of sales tax by taxing only the value added at each stage of production. For this reason, throughout the world, VAT has been gaining favour over traditional sales taxes. In principle, VAT applies to all provisions of goods and services. VAT is assessed and collected on the value of goods or services that have been provided every time there is a transaction (sale/purchase). The seller charges VAT to the buyer, and the seller pays this VAT to the government. If, however, the purchaser is not an end user, but the goods or services purchased are costs to its business, the tax it has paid for such purchases can be deducted from the tax it charges to its customers. The government only receives the difference; in other words, it is paid tax on the gross margin of each transaction, by each participant in the sales chain. In many developing countries such as India, sales tax/VAT are key revenue sources as high unemployment and low per capita income render other income sources inadequate. However, there is strong opposition to this by many sub-national governments as it leads to an overall reduction in the revenue they collect as well as a loss of some autonomy. In theory sales tax is normally charged on end users (consumers). The VAT mechanism means that the end-user tax is the same as it would be with a sales tax. The main difference is the extra accounting required by those in the middle of the supply chain; this disadvantage of VAT is balanced by application of the same tax to each member of the production chain regardless of its position in it and the position of its customers, reducing the effort required to check and certify their status. When the VAT system has few, if any, exemptions such as with GST in New Zealand, payment of VAT is even simpler.

What do managers do Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What do managers do - Essay Example They have many duties and some can be detailed as below. For a company to be successful, the manager needs to set many goals and objective which it needs to achieve during a period of time. Setting objectives is an important duty of a manager. From the top level management to the lower level management setting objectives is an important task of manager. It is not a simple task and need lot of thinking, analysis, experience of business and knowledge. The objective is set to describe the desired outcome of a business activity. A manager as a part of setting objective outlines the goals and tasks to his subordinates. The objectives need to be set after considering many factors related to business. A manager need to consider the resources, capital and manpower of the company to set objective. As per Riley( 2012) â€Å"A popular way to look at objectives is to see them as part of a hierarchy of forward-looking terms which help set and shape the strategy of a business†. Organizing the business activities of a company is a significant part of manager’s job. The manager divides the activities in to manageable manner and selects people which suit each task. A manager must make efficient use to time to achieve goals as per set objective. In order to organize activities, the manager has to plan in ahead of time. Breaking down major task in to smaller activities and assigning them to right employees organizes the work of a business. As per Matista( 2013) â€Å"While getting organized requires some diligence, your company will benefit significantly in the long run†. A manager has the responsibility of motivating his employees. Employees need motivation and encouragement from time to time and it is the duty of the manager to do so. Manager can motivate an employee in many ways like promotions; increase in salary and by awarding certificates. According to Alexander (2013) â€Å"One of the best ways to lay the groundwork for future motivation is to acknowledge

Human Resource Management of Homecare Housing Essay

Human Resource Management of Homecare Housing - Essay Example The paper tells that Human Resource person is responsible to take care of the issues in order to offer major satisfaction to the workers. But at the same time small business establishments frequently don’t have the employees or the budget to appropriately handle the nitty-gritty elements of HR. Because of this, small business companies have increasingly outsourcing their HR requirements. But at the same time, HR, when relating to health care business, can be defined as the different types of medical and non-medical employees accountable for public and person health intervention. Here, Homecare Housing Association handles 20 units extend over south east England. This includes three ex-local authority old persons’ homes, 10 ex-local authority committee housing estates, and seven new purpose built particular requirements housing growths, mainly sheltered housing for the disabled. As a ‘Strategic Business Partner’ of the company it’s my duty to help the company to deal with the various issues faced by the company. One of the main issues faced by the company is that women handle only the certain positions, roles and particular department. So that it will affect the overall functioning of the Company. Over the last 12 years, the organization has developed from a small voluntary group running organization to two new housing developments employing approximately 600 people. Out of these, 60% of them are female and 40% are male. Majority of the workforce are women. So the women must ready to handle the duty of every department and ready to take care of all the activities. As a ‘Strategic Business Partner’, it my special duty to manage all these activities. The affiliation among health care and human resources is extremely complex, and it needs further examination and study. While examining health care schemes in a worldwide context, many universal human resources questions and issues occur. A number of the issues of greatest significance will be examined in detail further which consists of the composition, size and allocation of the health care employees, issues relating to workforce training, the immigration of health workforce, and the level of economic growth in a particular state and socio-demographic, environmental and cultural issues. The difference of size, allocation and composition inside state’s health care employees is of large concern. As I mentioned earlier, a Strategic business partner has certain duties and responsibilities to do. When studying in detail, I have talked and discussed with some employees and managers in the organization, when I have understood some issues being happened in Homecare Housing association. Some employees are not satisfied with current situations and some customers of this company are not satisfied with the service offered by the company. So it is my duty to study in detail about these problems and to solve these problems. For that, I would be discussing about the demands and problems of the work force in the company. In every organization the value for employee satisfaction should be high. Employees working in every organization should be treated in a descent manner; if the workforce is satisfied then only organizations can achieve their goals. So as a strategic business